April 25, 2025 – Shelby County Judicial Center, Shelbyville, KY Attorneys working with clients who sponsor self-funded health benefit plans often encounter complex compliance questions, fiduciary concerns, and strategic decision points that require more than just a surface-level understanding of plan documents. That’s why we’re offering a free CLE  focused on a powerful, investigative approach designed specifically to support legal professionals navigating these issues. Please join us on Friday, April 25, 2025, at noonShelby County Judicial Center – Central Meeting Room, Second Floor501 Main Street, Shelbyville, KY Presentation Topic:Forensic Decision Mapping in Self-Funded Health Benefit Plans: A Strategic Approach for Attorneys This CLE introduces Forensic Decision Mapping , a structured methodology developed to help attorneys analyze, document, and argue issues arising in self-funded health plans. Whether you're litigating a benefits dispute, advising a plan sponsor, or seeking expert input for fiduciary concerns, this approach can offer clarity and legal leverage. The presentation will cover: The anatomy of a health benefit plan and key elements attorneys should understand The six-part Forensic Decision Mapping  framework: Subject of the Issue Definition of the Legal or Factual Question Forensic/Analytic Basis for the Decision Strategic or Legal Impact Mapping Notes and Documentation Real-world case examples (with identifying details changed) A discussion of common scenarios where forensic experts support legal arguments What to Expect: This will be an interactive session with slides used as prompts for discussion—not read aloud. We encourage questions and engagement throughout. Attendees will receive a handout with a sample Forensic Decision Map from an actual case. Why It Matters for Attorneys: This CLE is designed to strengthen your ability to identify red flags, build stronger legal arguments, and collaborate effectively with forensic experts in benefits litigation or advisory roles. Whether you work with employers, plan administrators, or claimants, this session will offer tools and insight to elevate your practice. Cost: Free of charge. No registration required. Open to all attorneys.

By Melinda Zeller As of July 15, 2024, Kentucky has amended its laws surrounding fines for violations in highway work zones. The changes are found in KRS 189.2327 and introduce stricter penalties for offenses in areas marked as highway work zones. Here's a breakdown of what this statute means and how it will impact enforcement and legal practices. Key Provisions of KRS 189.2327 Increased Fines for Violations in Highway Work Zones  Under this statute, violations of traffic laws (KRS 189.290 to 189.575 or KRS 189.910 to 189.960) committed within a highway work zone may now carry more significant financial consequences. These violations can result in two levels of fines, depending on the severity of the violation's outcome: If no physical injury or death occurs : The fine is set at $500. This fine is prepayable, meaning it can be paid without requiring a court appearance. If the violation results in physical injury or death : The fine ranges from $500 to $10,000. This creates a broader spectrum for judicial discretion, allowing the court to impose fines according to the seriousness of the injury or fatality.   Conditions for Imposing Increased Fines  For increased fines to be imposed the statute requires two conditions to be met within the highway work zone: Proper Signage : The area must display signs informing drivers that they are entering a highway work zone and that fines for violations are increased. Presence of Workers : At least one bona fide worker must be present in the zone for the heightened penalties to apply.   Misdemeanor Charges  If a violation can be classified as a misdemeanor, those penalties will apply in addition to the fines imposed under this statute.   Creation of the Highway Work Zone Safety Fund  All fines collected under this statute will be deposited into the "highway work zone safety fund," a trust and agency account within the Transportation Cabinet. The purpose of this fund is to enhance law enforcement efforts within highway work zones, ensuring that these areas are better monitored and safer for workers.   The amendments to Kentucky’s highway work zone laws, effective July 15, 2024, reflect a significant shift toward enhancing safety in these critical areas. With stricter fines, clear conditions for enforcement, and the creation of a dedicated safety fund, the statute emphasizes the protection of workers while holding drivers accountable for their actions. Attorneys practicing in this field should be prepared for these changes, as they will directly impact the enforcement of traffic laws and the legal ramifications of violations in highway work zones. * THIS IS NOT LEGAL ADVICE * Disclaimer:  The information provided in this article is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Reading or relying on this content does not create an attorney-client relationship between you and the author or their law firm. Legal situations vary widely, and you should consult with a qualified attorney for advice specific to your individual circumstances. The author assumes no responsibility for any actions or omissions taken based on the information contained in this article. _______________________________________________________________________________ Below is the complete statute along with a comprehensive list of the applicable KRS and UOR provisions referenced within it.   KRS 189.2327 Fines in highway work zone -- Highway work zone safety fund. (1) Subject to the requirements of subsection (2) of this section, if a violation of KRS 189.290 to 189.575 or 189.910 to 189.960 occurred in a highway work zone, the fine shall be: (a) Five hundred dollars ($500) if no person is physically injured or dies as a result of the violation. Notwithstanding the provisions of KRS 189.999, the fine under this paragraph is prepayable; and (b) Not less than five hundred dollars ($500) nor more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) if the violation results in physical injury to or death of any person.   (2) (a) In order for an increased fine to be imposed under this section, the highway work zone must have: 1. Signs displayed informing drivers of the existence of a highway work zone and that fines are increased in it; and 2. At least one (1) bona fide worker present. (b) If a violation of any of the offenses identified in subsection (1) of this section can be classified as a misdemeanor, those penalties shall apply in addition to the penalties in subsection (1) of this section.   (3) All fines collected for violations in a highway work zone under this section shall be deposited into a separate trust and agency account within the Transportation Cabinet known as the "highway work zone safety fund." The highway work zone safety fund shall be used exclusively by the Transportation Cabinet to hire or pay for enhanced law enforcement of traffic laws within highway work zones.   Effective: July 15, 2024 History: Amended 2024 Ky. Acts ch. 198, sec. 18, effective July 15, 2024. -- Created 2019 Ky. Acts ch. 40, sec. 1, effective June 27, 2019.   APPLICABLE UOR CODES:   189.290 Operator of vehicle to drive carefully. UOR '00115'     RECKLESS DRIVING UOR '00136'     CARELESS DRIVING UOR '00137'     CHANGING DRIVERS-CAR IN MOTION (RECKLESS DRIVING)   189.292 Use of personal communication device prohibited while operating motor vehicle in motion on traveled portion of roadway -- Exclusions -- Administrative regulations. UOR '00266'     COMMUNICATION DEVICE VIOLATION, 1ST OFF. UOR '00267'     COMMUNICATION DEVICE VIOLATION, 2ND OR SUB   189.294 Use of personal communication device by minor prohibited while operating motor vehicle, motorcycle, or moped in motion on traveled portion of roadway -- Exclusions -- Administrative regulations. UOR '00268'     COMMUNICATION DEVICE VIOLATION, < 18 YOA, 1ST UOR '00269'     COMMUNICATION DEVICE VIOLATION, < 18 YOA, 2ND OR SUB   189.300 Vehicles to keep to right -- Exceptions. UOR '00270'     IMPROPER LANE USAGE-VEHICLES KEEP TO RIGHT EXCEPT TO PASS   189.310 Vehicles meeting other vehicles and animals. UOR '00126'     FAIL GIVE RIGHT OF WAY TO VEH PASS OPSITE DIRECT UOR '00174'     FAILURE TO GIVE ONCOMING VEHICLE 1/2 OF HIGHWAY UOR '00175'     FAIL TO USE PRECAUTION TO ANIMAL BEING RIDDEN   189.330 Turning and right-of-way at intersections. UOR '00271'     DISREGARD-FAIL TO YEILD RIGHT OF WAY UOR '00109'     IMPROPER TURNING UOR '00111'     DISREGARDING STOP SIGN   189.337 Traffic control signs, uniform standards to be prescribed -- Sign to conform -- Prohibited activities. UOR '00612'     PLACING/MAINTAINING IMITATION TRAFFIC CONT DEV/SIGNAL               '189.337(4)' UOR '00613'     ALTER/DEFACE/DAMAGE TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICE '189.337(5)'   189.338 Limitation of colored lights used in traffic-control signals -- Rules for vehicular and pedestrian traffic controlled by traffic-control signals -- Affirmative defense for motorcyclists. UOR '00177'     FAILURE TO YIELD RIGHT OF WAY TO PEDESTRIANS    '189.338(1B)' UOR '00181'     IMPROPER STOPPING AT FLASHING RED LIGHT            '189.338(5A)'   189.340 Overtaking vehicles, bicycles, or electric low-speed scooters -- Traffic lanes -- Following vehicles -- Exemption for commercial motor vehicle platoon trailing vehicle. UOR '00272'     FOLLOWING ANOTHER VEHICLE TOO CLOSELY UOR '00273'     IMPROPER USE OF LEFT LANE-OVERTAKING VEHICLE UOR '00107'     IMPROPER PASSING   189.345 Prohibitions against driving on left side of roadway. UOR '00105'     IMPROPERLY ON LEFT SIDE OF ROAD   189.350 Assistance in passing or overtaking. UOR '00123'     SPEEDING UP WHEN BEING PASSED   189.360 Passing cars receiving or discharging passengers.   189.370 Passing stopped school or church bus prohibited -- Application to properly marked vehicles -- Rebuttable presumption as to identity of violator. UOR '00116'     PASS/LOADING/UNLOADING/SCHOOL/CHURCH BUS 1ST OFFENSE UOR '00132'     PASS/LOADING/UNLOADING/SCHOOL/CHURCH BUS 2 > OFFENSE   189.375 School or church bus signaling device -- Use -- Stopping regulated. UOR '00517'     IMPROPER DISCHARGE SCHOOL/CHURCH BUS PASS DIV HIGH   189.377 Yielding right-of-way to solid waste collection service vehicle.   189.378 Funeral processions. UOR '00186'     FAIL TO YIELD RIGHT OF WAY TO FUNERAL PROCCESSION   189.380 Signals. UOR '00108'     FAILURE TO OR IMPROPER SIGNAL   189.390 Speed -- Secretary authorized to increase speed limit in certain areas by official order -- Parking. UOR '00001'     SPEEDING 01 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00002'     SPEEDING 02 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00003'     SPEEDING 03 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00004'     SPEEDING 04 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00005'     SPEEDING 05 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00006'     SPEEDING 06 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00007'     SPEEDING 07 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00008'     SPEEDING 08 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00009'     SPEEDING 09 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00010'     SPEEDING 10 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00011'     SPEEDING 11 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00012'     SPEEDING 12 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00013'     SPEEDING 13 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00014'     SPEEDING 14 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00015'     SPEEDING 15 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00016'     SPEEDING 16 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00017'     SPEEDING 17 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00018'     SPEEDING 18 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00019'     SPEEDING 19 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00020'     SPEEDING 20 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00021'     SPEEDING 21 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00022'     SPEEDING 22 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00023'     SPEEDING 23 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00024'     SPEEDING 24 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00025'     SPEEDING 25 MPH OVER LIMIT UOR '00026'     SPEEDING 26 MPH OR > SPEED LIMIT UOR '00102'     SPEEDING FREIGHT CARRYING VEHICLE UOR '00146'     SPEEDING IN A SCHOOL ZONE UOR '00150'     SPEEDING IN A RESTRICTED ZONE UOR '00295'     DRIVING TOO FAST FOR TRAFFIC CONDITIONS UOR '00320'     DRIVING TOO SLOW FOR TRAFFIC CONDITIONS/MINIMUM SPEED   189.393 Complying with traffic officer's signal. UOR '02705'     DISREGARD SIGNALS FROM OFFICERS DIRECTING TRAFFIC UOR '02706'     DISREGARD SIGNALS OF OFF DIRECT TRAFFIC/FLEEING   189.394 Fines for speeding -- Doubling of fines in school areas with flashing lights. UOR '00393'     SPEEDING IN HIGHWAY WORK ZONE   189.400 Turning around on curve or grade.   189.420 Driving on mountain highways. UOR '00139'     DRIVING ON MOUNTAIN HIGHWAYS   189.430 Coasting prohibited -- Unattended vehicle. UOR '00179'     ALLOW VEH TO STAND ON GRADE W/O SETTING BRAKE UOR '00244'     COASTING PROHIBITED (COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE) UOR '00300'     PERMIT MOTOR VEHICLE TO RUN UNATTENDED UOR '00110'     COASTING - CAR OUT OF GEAR ON DOWN GRADE   189.440 Starting a parked vehicle. UOR '00114'     IMPROPER START FROM PARKED POSITION   189.450 Stopping, standing, parking, or repairing vehicle on roadway or shoulders of highway. UOR '00580'     IMPROPER PARKING VIOLATIONS UOR '00581'     IMPROPER PARKING FIRELANE/BLOCK TRAVELED PORTION OF HWY     189.459 Parking limits for vehicles with plates or placards for persons with a disability -- Prohibitions. UOR '00590'     UNAUTHORIZED PARKING IN A HANDICAPPED ZONE UOR '00591'     COUNTERFEITING HANDICAP PLACARD OR LIENSE PLATE   189.470 Obstruction to operator's view or control. UOR '00512'     TOO MANY PASSENGERS IN VEHICLE (FRONT SEAT)   189.480 Towed vehicles. UOR '00228'     IMPROPER TOWING   189.500 Logs or stones not to be dragged on highways. UOR '00508'     DRAGGING STONES OR LOGS ON HIGHWAY   189.505 Motor vehicle races on highways prohibited -- Exception for permitted racing events. UOR '00280'     RACING MOTOR VEHICLE ON PUBLIC HIGHWAY   189.510 Horse race on highway prohibited.   189.515 Restrictions on operation of all-terrain vehicles. UOR '00250'     OPERATING ATV ON ROADWAY UOR '00251'     OPERATING ATV ON PROPERTY W/O CONSENT UOR '00253'     OPERATING ATV W/O SUPERVISION UOR '00254'     OPERATING ATV (OVERSIZED) UOR '00255'     OPERATING ATV W/O HEADGEAR 16 OR > - PUBLIC PROPERTY UOR '00256'     OPERATOR/PASSENGER ATV W/O HEADGEAR U/16   189.517 Mini-truck -- Definition -- Criteria for operation -- Permitted and prohibited uses. UOR '00298'     VIOLATION OF MINI-TRUCK REQUIREMENTS   189.520 Operating vehicle not a motor vehicle while under influence of intoxicants or substance which may impair driving ability prohibited -- Presumptions concerning intoxication. UOR '00158'     OPER NON-MOTOR VEH UNDER INFLUENCE OF INTOXICANTS   189.530 Providing motor vehicle to person intoxicated or under influence of substance which may impair driving ability -- Possession of open alcoholic beverage container in a motor vehicle prohibited -- Exceptions -- Definitions -- Election of offenses to prosecute. UOR '00434'     PROVIDING MOTOR VEHICLE TO DRUNK OR DRUG ADDICT UOR '00470'     POSS OF OPEN ALC BEVERAGE CONT IN MOTOR VEH PROHIBITED   189.550 Vehicles used for transporting children to stop at railroad crossings. UOR '00134'     SCHOOL/CHURCH BUS FAILING TO STOP AT RR CROSSINGS   189.560 Railroad crossings -- Duties of motor vehicle operators and commercial drivers -- Railroad's liability for death or injury. UOR '00128'     DISREGARDING RR CROSSING FLASHER LIGHTS UOR '00130'     FAILURE TO STOP AT RR CROSSINGS   189.565 Operator of motor vehicle used in transporting inflammable liquids or explosives to stop vehicle at railroad crossings -- Exceptions. UOR '00125'     FLAMMABLE LIQ/EXPL TRANS FAIL TO STOP AT RR CROSS   189.570 Pedestrians. UOR '00576'     HITCHHIKING-DISREGARD TRAFFIC REGULATION BY PEDESTRIAN   189.575 Yielding right-of-way to blind pedestrian. UOR '00189'     FAILURE TO YIELD RIGHT-OF-WAY TO BLIND PEDESTRIAN   189.920 Flashing lights and sirens. UOR '00246'     IMPROPER EMERGENCY/SAFETY LIGHTS   189.930 Right-of-way to emergency vehicles -- Blocking or following emergency vehicles -- Driving over unprotected hoses of fire department. UOR '00490'     FAILURE TO GIVE RIGHT OF WAY TO EMERGENCY STOPPED VEHICLE UOR '00507'     FOLLOWING EMERGENCY VEHICLE TOO CLOSELY UOR '00127'     FAILURE TO GIVE RIGHT OF WAY TO EMERGENCY VEH   189.940 Exemptions from traffic regulations. UOR '00208'     IMPROPER USE OF SIREN   189.945 Prohibition against use of mobile infrared electronic transmitter -- Exceptions -- Penalties. UOR '00486'     USE OR MIRET BY UNAUTHORIZED PERSONS UOR '00487'     UNAUTHORIZED USE OF MIRET INVOLVING COLLISION/PHYS INJ UOR '00488'     UNAUTHORIZED USE OF MIRET INVOLVING COLLISSION/SERIOUS PHYS INJ   189.950 Prohibitions -- Exceptions. UOR '00200'     USING FLASHING LIGHT/SIREN ON NON EMERGENCY VEH UOR '00212'     IMPROPER USE OF RED LIGHTS UOR '00213'     IMPROPER USE OF BLUE LIGHTS UOR '00216'     IMPROPER SOUND DEVICE (WHISTLE,BELL,SIREN)   189.960 Right-of-way to public safety vehicle or to pedestrian or worker engaged in work on highway -- Operator of vehicle to stay in designated lane in highway work zone. UOR '00106'     FAILURE TO YIELD IN ROAD WORK ZONE

Important Notice for Attorneys: Filing Beneficial Ownership Information (BOI) By Melinda Zeller The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) mandates that certain entities, including Professional Limited Liability Companies (PLLCs), file Beneficial Ownership Information (BOI). This regulation aims to enhance transparency and combat financial crimes by identifying individuals who own or control companies. What is BOI? BOI involves collecting and reporting information about individuals who own, control, or have significant interests in an entity. For PLLCs, this includes anyone who directly or indirectly owns 25% or more of the company or who exercises substantial control over it. Why is BOI Important? BOI helps authorities track and prevent illicit financial activities such as money laundering and terrorist financing. By knowing who is behind a company, enforcement agencies can better combat these crimes, ensuring a more transparent and secure business environment. Why You Should Comply Compliance with BOI regulations is not only a legal requirement but also crucial for maintaining the integrity of your practice. Non-compliance can result in significant penalties, including civil fines up to $500 per day, criminal fines up to $10,000, and imprisonment for up to two years for willfully providing false information or failing to file complete reports​ ( FinCEN )​​. Deadlines For entities created or registered before January 1, 2024: You have until January 1, 2025, to file your initial BOI report. For entities created or registered in 2024: You must file within 90 calendar days of receiving actual or public notice of the entity’s creation or registration. For entities created or registered on or after January 1, 2025: You must file within 30 calendar days of receiving actual or public notice of the entity’s creation or registration​ ( FinCEN )​​. How to Comply Determine Eligibility: Verify if your PLLC needs to file BOI. Gather Required Information: Collect the full legal name, date of birth, residential address, unique identifying number (e.g., SSN, passport number), and an image of an identifying document (e.g., driver’s license, passport) for each beneficial owner. Access FinCEN’s Website: Visit the FinCEN website  and navigate to the BOI section. Create an Account: Click “Create Account” if you don’t already have one. Provide your email and create a password. Verify your email through the link sent by FinCEN. Log In: Use your credentials to log in. Complete the BOI Report: Enter the legal name of your PLLC, its address, and Employer Identification Number (EIN). Provide details for each beneficial owner, including their full name, date of birth, address, and unique identifying number. Upload images of the identifying documents for the beneficial owners. Review the Information: Carefully review all entered information to ensure it is accurate. Submit the Report: Click “Submit” to file your BOI report. Save or print the confirmation receipt for your records. Update as Needed: If there are any changes in beneficial ownership, log in to update the information and submit the revised report within 30 days of the change​ ( FinCEN )​​. Conclusion Filing BOI is essential for transparency and compliance with FinCEN regulations. By following these detailed steps, you can ensure your PLLC meets the necessary requirements. Failure to comply can result in severe penalties, so it is crucial to adhere to the filing deadlines. For further guidance, visit the FinCEN BOI FAQs . *THIS IS NOT LEGAL ADVICE Disclaimer:  The information provided in this article is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Reading or relying on this content does not create an attorney-client relationship between you and the author or their law firm. Legal situations vary widely, and you should consult with a qualified attorney for advice specific to your individual circumstances. The author assumes no responsibility for any actions or omissions taken based on the information contained in this article.